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Disease Profile
Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.
1-9 / 100 000
Age of onset
Infancy
ICD-10
E71.3
Inheritance
Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.
Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.
X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.
X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.
Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.
Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.
Not applicable
Other names (AKA)
MCAD deficiency; Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase medium chain deficiency of; MCADH deficiency;
Categories
Congenital and Genetic Diseases; Metabolic disorders; Newborn Screening
Summary
Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) is an
MCADD is caused by
Symptoms
This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.
Medical Terms | Other Names |
Learn More:
HPO ID
|
---|---|---|
30%-79% of people have these symptoms | ||
Decreased liver function |
Liver dysfunction
|
0001410 |
Decreased plasma total carnitine | 0011936 | |
Dicarboxylic aciduria | 0003215 | |
Exercise-induced myalgia |
Exercise-induced muscle pain
Muscle pain on exercise
Muscle pain with exercise
Muscle pain, exercise-induced
[ more ] |
0003738 |
Fatigable weakness of neck muscles | 0030199 | |
Hepatomegaly |
Enlarged liver
|
0002240 |
Hyperammonemia |
High blood ammonia levels
|
0001987 |
Muscular |
Low or weak muscle tone
|
0001252 |
Proximal muscle weakness |
Weakness in muscles of upper arms and upper legs
|
0003701 |
Reduced tendon reflexes | 0001315 | |
Vomiting |
Throwing up
|
0002013 |
5%-29% of people have these symptoms | ||
Abnormal lactate dehydrogenase level | 0045040 | |
Arrhythmia |
Abnormal heart rate
Heart rhythm disorders
Irregular heart beat
Irregular heartbeat
[ more ] |
0011675 |
0001251 | ||
Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure |
Grand mal seizures
|
0002069 |
Cachexia |
Wasting syndrome
|
0004326 |
Cardiomegaly |
Enlarged heart
Increased heart size
[ more ] |
0001640 |
Coma | 0001259 | |
Delayed speech and language development |
Deficiency of speech development
Delayed language development
Delayed speech
Delayed speech acquisition
Delayed speech development
Impaired speech and language development
Impaired speech development
Language delay
Language delayed
Language development deficit
Late-onset speech development
Poor language development
Speech and language delay
Speech and language difficulties
Speech delay
[ more ] |
0000750 |
Diarrhea |
Watery stool
|
0002014 |
Distal arthrogryposis | 0005684 | |
Elevated hepatic transaminase |
High liver enzymes
|
0002910 |
Elevated serum creatine kinase |
Elevated blood creatine phosphokinase
Elevated circulating creatine phosphokinase
Elevated creatine kinase
Elevated serum CPK
Elevated serum creatine phosphokinase
High serum creatine kinase
Increased CPK
Increased creatine kinase
Increased creatine phosphokinase
Increased serum CK
Increased serum creatine kinase
Increased serum creatine phosphokinase
[ more ] |
0003236 |
Elevated urinary 3-hydroxybutyric acid | 0040155 | |
Exertional dyspnea | 0002875 | |
Fatigue |
Tired
Tiredness
[ more ] |
0012378 |
Febrile seizure (within the age range of 3 months to 6 years) |
Fever induced seizures
|
0002373 |
Hepatic steatosis |
Fatty infiltration of liver
Fatty liver
[ more ] |
0001397 |
Hypoglycemia |
Low blood sugar
|
0001943 |
Ketosis |
High levels of ketone bodies
|
0001946 |
Lethargy | 0001254 | |
Loss of consciousness |
Passing out
|
0007185 |
Macrocephaly |
Increased size of skull
Large head
Large head circumference
[ more ] |
0000256 |
Muscle spasm | 0003394 | |
Myopathy |
Muscle tissue disease
|
0003198 |
Skeletal muscle atrophy |
Muscle degeneration
Muscle wasting
[ more ] |
0003202 |
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO | ||
0000007 | ||
Cerebral edema |
Swelling of brain
|
0002181 |
Decreased plasma carnitine | 0003234 | |
Generalized hypotonia |
Decreased muscle tone
Low muscle tone
[ more ] |
0001290 |
Global |
0001263 | |
Hyperglycinuria |
High urine glycine levels
|
0003108 |
Medium chain dicarboxylic aciduria | 0008309 | |
Seizure | 0001250 |
Cause
Diagnosis
- Plasma acylcarnitine
- Urine organic acid
- Urine acylglycine
Further testing to confirm the diagnosis may include molecular
MCADD is included in many newborn screening programs, so a newborn with MCADD who does not yet exhibit symptoms may be diagnosed early. If a
Testing Resources
- The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.
- Orphanet lists international laboratories offering diagnostic testing for this condition.
Newborn Screening
- An ACTion (ACT) sheet is available for this condition that describes the short-term actions a health professional should follow when an infant has a positive newborn
screening result. ACT sheets were developed by experts in collaboration with the American College of Medical Genetics. - An Algorithm flowchart is available for this condition for determining the final diagnosis in an infant with a positive newborn screening result. Algorithms are developed by experts in collaboration with the American College of Medical Genetics.
- Baby's First Test is the nation's newborn screening education center for families and providers. This site provides information and resources about screening at the local, state, and national levels and serves as the Clearinghouse for newborn screening information.
- National Newborn Screening and Global Resource Center (NNSGRC) provides information and resources in the area of newborn screening and genetics to benefit health professionals, the public health community, consumers and government officials.
Treatment
The resources below provide information about treatment options for this condition. If you have questions about which treatment is right for you, talk to your healthcare professional.
Management Guidelines
- Genetic Metabolic Dietitians International (GMDI) has developed nutrition guidelines for this condition.
- Orphanet Emergency Guidelines is an article which is expert-authored and peer-reviewed that is intended to guide health care professionals in emergency situations involving this condition.
Related diseases
Related diseases are conditions that have similar signs and symptoms. A health care provider may consider these conditions in the table below when making a diagnosis. Please note that the table may not include all the possible conditions related to this disease.
Conditions with similar signs and symptoms from Orphanet
|
---|
Differential diagnosis includes other disorders of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation including multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD) (see this term).
Visit the Orphanet disease page for more information.
|
Organizations
Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.
Organizations Supporting this Disease
-
FOD (Fatty Oxidation Disorder) Family Support Group
P.O. Box 54
Okemos, MI 48805-0054
Telephone: +1-517-381-1940 [8am 8pm EST every day]
Fax: +1-866-290-5206
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://fodsupport.org/ -
Genetic Metabolic Dietitians International
P.O. Box 1462
Hillsborough, NC 27278
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.gmdi.org/ -
Metabolic Support UK
5 Hilliards Court
Sandpiper Way
Chester Business Park
Chester, CH4 9QP United Kingdom
Toll-free: 0800 652 3181
Telephone: 0845 241 2173
E-mail: https://www.metabolicsupportuk.org/contact-us
Website: https://www.metabolicsupportuk.org -
Organic Acidemia Association
9040 Duluth Street
Golden Valley, MN 55427
Telephone: 763-559-1797
Fax: 866-539-4060
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.oaanews.org/
Organizations Providing General Support
-
MitoAction
PO Box 310
Novi, MI 48376
Toll-free: 888-648-6228
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.mitoaction.org/ -
United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation
8085 Saltsburg Road, Suite 201
Pittsburgh, PA 15239
Toll-free: 1-888-317-8633
Telephone: +1-412-793-8077
Fax: +1-412-793-6477
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: https://www.umdf.org
Learn more
These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.
Where to Start
- Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine.
- The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) has a report for patients and families about this condition. NORD is a patient advocacy organization for individuals with rare diseases and the organizations that serve them.
- The Screening, Technology And Research in Genetics (STAR-G) Project has a fact sheet on this condition, which was written specifically for families that have received a diagnosis as a result of newborn screening. This fact sheet provides general information about the condition and answers questions that are of particular concern to parents.
In-Depth Information
- GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions.
- Medscape Reference provides information on this topic. You may need to register to view the medical textbook, but registration is free.
- The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
- Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
- Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
- PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.
Selected Full-Text Journal Articles
- Wang, et al. Is the G985A Allelic Variant of Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase a Risk Factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? A Pooled Analysis. Pediatrics. 2000;105:1175-1176.
References
- Medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Genetics Home Reference (GHR). February, 2015; https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=mediumchainacylcoenzymeadehydrogenasedeficiency.
- Simon Olpin. Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Orphanet. February, 2014; https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&Expert=42.
- Matern D, Rinaldo P. Medium-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency. GeneReviews. March 5, 2015; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1424/.
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